Cyker'z Zone

Blogger Ku Sayang...Blogger Ku Malang....

2008-05-23T02:47:00.000-07:00

Wehehehe....judulnya bikin sedih yaa...? Hehehe, gw dah bikin blog baru http://vuske.wordpress.com . Mungkin gw bakal lebih sering nulis di blog gw yang baru tadi, tapi bukan berarti gw gak bakal mampir ke nih blog....mampir sih, tapi mungkin agak lebih jarang aja.....hehehe.... piiissss yow... ;P

vuske

Tips for Google Adsense

2007-06-29T00:39:00.000-07:00

If you are a webmaster that having Google Adsense in your site and you surfing the web using Firefox, than you are in luck.

If not, maybe it’s time for you to download and install one. And set it as your default web browser. You can download Firefox in the bottom of this page.

One of many benefit of Firefox is it can be extend with add-ons.

There are so many add-ons that are available for Firefox, and one of my favorite is Adsense Notifier. You can download it in https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/500/.

Adsense Notifier will sit nicely in the right bottom corner of your firefox while showing you how much money that you earn with Google Adsense.

The options is very complete and very easy to use.

It have Google Adsense user name and password to login, and minutes between updates (it will do automatic update).

You can also change the action for left click, middle click and right click for actions like:

Open Adsense in current window
Open Adsense in new tab
Open Adsense in new Unfocused tab
Open Adsense in new window
Open Adsense options
Update Adsense now

We can also change the default of Adsense Window:

Report Overview
Content
Search
Referer

The are also many various seeting like

Sort by
Group by,
Number locale
Include products.
Last thing is how it can show impressions, Clicks, CTR, CPM, Earnings and RPC.

Summary:

Adsense Notifier very helpfull to check Google Adsense revenue without being looged in to the Google Adsense. And it automatic update really helps.

What is Internet...?

2007-06-28T23:28:00.000-07:00

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations.

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.

Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.

From : SearchVB.com

DHCP is.......

2007-06-28T20:28:00.001-07:00

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a set of rules used by communications devices such as a computer, router or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain an IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for assignment.

DHCP is a protocol used by networked computers (clients) to obtain IP addresses and other parameters such as the default gateway, subnet mask, and IP addresses of DNS servers from a DHCP server. The DHCP server ensures that all IP addresses are unique, e.g., no IP address is assigned to a second client while the first client's assignment is valid (its lease has not expired). Thus IP address pool management is done by the server and not by a human network administrator.

DHCP emerged as a standard protocol in October 1993. As of 2006, RFC 2131 provides the latest (dated March 1997) DHCP definition. DHCP functionally became a successor to the older BOOTP protocol, whose leases were given for infinite time and did not support options. Due to the backward-compatibility of DHCP, very few networks continue to use pure BOOTP.
The latest non-standard of the protocol, describing DHCPv6 (DHCP in an IPv6

From : en.wikipedia.org

Cara Sederhana Sekali Untuk Membuat Homepage (The Simple Way to Make a Homepage)

2007-06-28T20:26:00.000-07:00

Seringkali keberadaan kita di Internet di asosiasikan dengan kepemilikan homepage pribadi di Internet. Mungkin dalam beberapa kondisi memang kepemilikan homepage ada baiknya. Walaupun saya pribadi tidak memiliki homepage sendiri, yang ada hanya tempat menyimpan file-file di Internet yang berisi berbagai artikel yang saya tuliskan selama ini. Tempat tersebut kebetulan sumbangan rekan saya Michael Sunggiardi yang berlokasi di http://www.bogor.net/idkf/ sehingga semua orang bisa mengakses berbagai artikel saya yang lama bagi yang tidak sempat membacanya di media cetak.

Bagi yang berminat membuat homepage sendiri, sebetulnya jika anda sudah terbiasa menggunakan program seperti MSWord untuk mentik berbagai dokumen anda maka sebetulnya anda sudah lebih dari cukup untuk membuat homepage pribadi yang sederhana.

Web agar bisa di baca oleh Web server di Internet harus di tuliskan dalam format Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). Untuk membuat Web sederhana kita membutuhkan sebuah editor yang mampu menghasilkan file dalam format HTML tersebut. Jadi kita cukup menggunakan fasilitas yang ada di editor tersebut untuk mentik, me-layout tulisan, memasukan gambar dll. Kemudian mengandalkan kemampuan editor tersebut untuk menyimpannya dalam format HTML.

MSWord yang lama (MSWord 7.0) yang biasanya dijalankan di Windows 95 sebetulnya sudah bisa menghasilkan file dalam format HTML, hanya saja biasanya tampilan di Web-nya masih kurang baik. Di samping itu, masih banyak fasilitas-fasilitas yang spesifik untuk Web yang belum ada di MSWord yang lama ini.

Bagi anda yang sudah menggunakan Office 2000 yang baru, maka anda cukup beruntung karena banyak sekali kelebihan MSWord 2000 ini dibandingkan kakak-nya yang lebih tua khususnya untuk aplikasi Internet & Web. Untuk Membuat Web yang baik kualitasnya anda cukup klik File à Save As à Save as type à Web page – secara magis maka MSWord akan menyimpan semua naskah yang anda tulis menjadi file HTML yang siap tayang di Web. Sesederhana itu.

Tentunya ada banyak hal yang bisa kita masukan dalam dokumen MSWord 2000, apakah itu suara (melalui Insert à Object à Wave Sound), gambar (melalui Insert à Picture à dst), hyperlink ke Universal Resource Locator URL (melalui Insert à Hyperlink). Hyperlink sendiri bisa bermacam-macam tipe-nya bisa link ke dokumen itu sendiri, dokumen / web lain, e-mail address dsb.

Kekurangan utama yang akan kita rasakan jika membuat halaman Web menggunakan program editor seperti MSWord adalah manajemen halaman tersebut jika kita membuat Web yang cukup besar banyak link, halaman, gambar, suara dsb. Untuk Web yang besar seperti itu ada baiknya menggunakan software yang lebih baik seperti MSFrontpage yang juga tersedia di Office 2000.
Setelah halaman Web dibuat, yang perlu kita lakukan hanyalah mempublikasi Web tersebut di Internet. Ada beberapa tempat di Internet yang bisa menyediakan Web gratis seperti geocities.com dll. Tempat-tempat ini pernah di bahas di Neotek. Teknik untuk mengirimkan halaman Web dari komputer kita ke server di Internet cukup bermacam-macam, beberapa servis Web bahkan menyediakan form yang tinggal di isi file mana di harddisk komputer kita yang ingin di ambil untuk dijadikan Web.

Jika servis tersebut tidak tersedia maka kita perlu menggunakan teknik yang lebih konvensional menggunakan program File Transfer Protocol (FTP) yang juga tersedia di Windows. FTP bisa dijalankan di MSDOS Prompt di Windows dengan cara men-tik FTP di prompt C:>. Selanjutnya anda bisa masuk ke Web server tujuan untuk memasukan file yang anda buat.

From : Mr.Onno's Article

Modem.....????

2007-06-28T20:25:00.000-07:00

A modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio. Experiments have even been performed in the use of modems over the medium of two cans connected by a string.[citation needed]

The most familiar example is a voiceband modem that turns the digital '1s and 0s' of a personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone lines of Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS), and once received on the other side, converts those 1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB, Serial, or Network connection. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second, or "bps".

Faster modems are used by Internet users every day, notably cable modems and ADSL modems. In telecommunications, "radio modems" transmit repeating frames of data at very high data rates over microwave radio links. Some microwave modems transmit more than a hundred million bits per second. Optical modems transmit data over optical fibers. Most intercontinental data links now use optical modems transmitting over undersea optical fibers. Optical modems routinely have data rates in excess of a billion (1x109) bits per second.

From : en.wikipedia.org

Konfigurasi Mikrotik (Mengubah PC menjadi Router)

2007-06-28T20:24:00.000-07:00

MikroTik RouterOS™, merupakan system operasi Linux base yang diperuntukkan sebagai network router. Didesain untuk memberikan kemudahan bagi penggunanya. Administrasinya bisa dilakukan melalui Windows application (WinBox). Selain itu instalasi dapat dilakukan pada Standard computer PC. PC yang akan dijadikan router mikrotikpun tidak memerlukan resource yang cukup besar untuk penggunaan standard, misalnya hanya sebagai gateway. Untuk keperluan beban yang besar ( network yang kompleks, routing yang rumit dll) disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan pemilihan resource PC yang memadai. Fasilitas pada mikrotik antara lain sebagai berikut :

- Protokoll routing RIP, OSPF, BGP.
- Statefull firewall
- HotSpot for Plug-and-Play access
- remote winbox GUI admin
Lebih lengkap bisa dilihat di www.mikrotik.com.

Meskipun demikian Mikrotik bukanlah free software, artinya kita harus membeli licensi terhadap segala fasiltas yang disediakan. Free trial hanya untuk 24 jam saja. Kita bisa membeli software mikrotik dalam bentuk CD yang diinstall pada Hard disk atau disk on module (DOM). Jika kita membeli DOM tidak perlu install tetapi tinggal menancapkan DOM pada slot IDE PC kita. Langkah-langkah berikut adalah dasar-dasar setup mikrotik yang dikonfigurasikan untuk jaringan sederhana sebagai gateway server.

1. Langkah pertama adalah install Mikrotik RouterOS pada PC atau pasang DOM.
2. Login Pada Mikrotik Routers melalui console :

MikroTik v2.9.7
Login: admin
Password:

Sampai langkah ini kita sudah bisa masuk pada mesin Mikrotik. User default adalah admin dan tanpa password, tinggal ketik admin kemudian tekan tombol enter.

5. Melihat interface pada Mikrotik Router

[admin@Mikrotik] > interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
# NAME TYPE RX-RATE TX-RATE MTU
0 R ether1 ether 0 0 1500
1 R ether2 ether 0 0 1500
[admin@Mikrotik] >

6. Memberikan IP address pada interface Mikrotik. Misalkan ether1 akan kita gunakan untuk koneksi ke Internet dengan IP 192.168.0.1 dan ether2 akan kita gunakan untuk network local
kita dengan IP 172.16.0.1

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip address add address=192.168.0.1 netmask=255.255.255.0 interface=ether1
[admin@Mikrotik] > ip address add address=172.16.0.1 netmask=255.255.255.0 interface=ether2

7. Melihat konfigurasi IP address yang sudah kita berikan
[admin@Mikrotik] >ip address print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
# ADDRESS NETWORK BROADCAST INTERFACE
0 192.168.0.1/24 192.168.0.0 192.168.0.63 ether1
1 172.16.0.1/24 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.255 ether2
[admin@Waton] >

8. Memberikan default Gateway, diasumsikan gateway untuk koneksi internet adalah 192.168.0.254

[admin@Mikrotik] > /ip route add gateway=192.168.0.254

9. Melihat Tabel routing pada Mikrotik Routers

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip route print
Flags: X - disabled, A - active, D - dynamic,
C - connect, S - static, r - rip, b - bgp, o - ospf
# DST-ADDRESS PREFSRC G GATEWAY DISTANCE INTERFACE
0 ADC 172.16.0.0/24 172.16.0.1 ether2
1 ADC 192.168.0.0/26 192.168.0.1 ether1
2 A S 0.0.0.0/0 r 192.168.0.254 ether1
[admin@Mikrotik] >

10. Tes Ping ke Gateway untuk memastikan konfigurasi sudah benar

[admin@Mikrotik] > ping 192.168.0.254
192.168.0.254 64 byte ping: ttl=64 time<1 ttl="64" max =" 0/0.0/0">

11. Setup DNS pada Mikrotik Routers

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip dns set primary-dns=192.168.0.10 allow-remoterequests=no
[admin@Mikrotik] > ip dns set secondary-dns=192.168.0.11 allow-remoterequests=no

12. Melihat konfigurasi DNS

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip dns print
primary-dns: 192.168.0.10
secondary-dns: 192.168.0.11
allow-remote-requests: no
cache-size: 2048KiB
cache-max-ttl: 1w
cache-used: 16KiB
[admin@Mikrotik] >

13. Tes untuk akses domain, misalnya dengan ping nama domain

[admin@Mikrotik] > ping yahoo.com
216.109.112.135 64 byte ping: ttl=48 time=250 ms
10 packets transmitted, 10 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 571/571.0/571 ms
[admin@Mikrotik] >

Jika sudah berhasil reply berarti seting DNS sudah benar.

14. Setup Masquerading, Jika Mikrotik akan kita pergunakan sebagai gateway server maka agar client computer pada network dapat terkoneksi ke internet perlu kita masquerading.

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip firewall nat add action=masquerade outinterface=ether1 chain: srcnat

15. Melihat konfigurasi Masquerading

[admin@Mikrotik] ip firewall nat print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
0 chain=srcnat out-interface=ether1 action=masquerade
[admin@Mikrotik] >

Setelah langkah ini bisa dilakukan pemeriksaan untuk koneksi dari jaringan local. Dan jika berhasil berarti kita sudah berhasil melakukan instalasi Mikrotik Router sebagai Gateway server. Setelah terkoneksi dengan jaringan Mikrotik dapat dimanage menggunakan WinBox yang bisa di download dari Mikrotik.com atau dari server mikrotik kita. Misal Ip address server mikrotik kita 192.168.0.1, via browser buka http://192.168.0.1 dan download WinBox dari situ. Jika kita menginginkan client mendapatkan IP address secara otomatis maka perlu kita setup dhcp server pada Mikrotik. Berikut langkah-langkahnya :

1.Buat IP address pool
/ip pool add name=dhcp-pool ranges=172.16.0.10-172.16.0.20

2. Tambahkan DHCP Network dan gatewaynya yang akan didistribusikan ke client
Pada contoh ini networknya adalah 172.16.0.0/24 dan gatewaynya 172.16.0.1
/ip dhcp-server network add address=172.16.0.0/24 gateway=172.16.0.1

3. Tambahkan DHCP Server ( pada contoh ini dhcp diterapkan pada interface ether2 )
/ip dhcp-server add interface=ether2 address-pool=dhcp-pool

4. Lihat status DHCP server

[admin@Mikrotik] > ip dhcp-server print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid
# NAME INTERFACE RELAY ADDRESS-POOL LEASE-TIME ADD-ARP
0 X dhcp1 ether2
Tanda X menyatakan bahwa DHCP server belum enable maka perlu dienablekan terlebih
dahulu pada langkah 5.
5. Jangan Lupa dibuat enable dulu dhcp servernya
/ip dhcp-server enable 0

kemudian cek kembali dhcp-server seperti langkah 4, jika tanda X sudah tidak ada berarti sudah aktif.

Apakah Kamu Hacker? ("are you a hacker")

2007-06-28T20:23:00.000-07:00

Buatlah sebuah pertanyaan kecil untukku hari ini. Katakan jika kamu cocok dengan deskripsi di bawah ini. kamu mendapatkan net account beberapa bulan yang lalu. kamu sudah surfing di internet, dan kamu bercanda di banyak media yang melaporkan informasi superhighway. kamu telah mempunyai red box, kamu tidak perlu membayar untuk menelepon. Kamu mempunyai crackerjack, dan kamu telah menjalankannya di file password pada sebuah unix dan kamu mendapatkan sebuah account. Semua orang di sekolahmu salut dengan pengetahuanmu tentang komputer, kamu adalah satu-satunya orang yang diminta gurumu untuk membantunya. Apakah kamu seperti itu? kamu bukanlah seorang hacker.
Ada ratusan orang sepertimu di luar sana. Kamu membeli 2600 dan kamu bertanya. kamu membaca phreack dan kamu bertanya. kamu bergabung dengan #hack dan kamu bertanya. kamu menanyakan semua pertanyaan, dan bertanya apa yang salah dengan itu? Intinya, untuk menjadi hacker adalah bertanya tentang sesuatu, benar begitu? Semua yang kamu ingin tahu adalah jawaban dari pertanyaanmu. Kamu bukanlah hacker. Hacking bukanlah tentang jawaban. Hacking adalah tentang jalan yang kamu ambil untuk mencari jawaban. jika kamu membutuhkan bantuan, jangan bertanya untuk mendapatkan jawaban, bertanyalah tentang jalan yang harus kamu ambil untuk mencari jawaban untuk dirimu sendiri. Karena bukanlah
seseorang yang memiliki jawaban yang disebut hacker, tetapi orang yang melakukan perjalan sepanjang jalan.

From : Hacker's Toolkit ver.2.0
Translated by : ^rumput_kering^

Operating System

2007-06-28T20:05:00.000-07:00

An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer. An operating system processes raw system and user input and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application that provides an interface to the OS managed resources. These applications have had command line interpreters as a basic user interface, but more recently have been implemented as a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease of operation. Operating Systems themselves have no user interfaces; the user of an OS is an application, not a person. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software. Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are some of the most popular OS's.

From : en.wikipedia.org

History of computing

2007-06-28T20:01:00.000-07:00

It is difficult to define any one device as the earliest computer. The very definition of a computer has changed and it is therefore impossible to identify the first computer. Many devices once called "computers" would no longer qualify as such by today's standards.

Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device. Examples of early mechanical computing devices included the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers.

However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed. In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The Analytical Engine".^[2] Due to limited finance, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical Engine.

Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the US Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.

*Defining characteristics of five first operative digital computers*
Computer	Shown working	Binary	Electronic	Programmable	Turing complete
Zuse Z3	May 1941	Yes	No	By punched film stock	Yes (1998)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer	Summer 1941	Yes	Yes	No	No
Colossus	December 1943 / January 1944	Yes	Yes	Partially, by rewiring	No
Harvard Mark I - IBM ASCC	1944	No	No	By punched paper tape	Yes (1998)
ENIAC	1944	No	Yes	Partially, by rewiring	Yes
ENIAC	1948	No	Yes	By Function Table ROM	Yes

A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult (Shannon 1940). Notable achievements include:

EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.

Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer.
The non-programmable Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory.
The secret British Colossus computer (1944), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes.
The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.
The US Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.

Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC", published in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored program architecture commenced around this time, the first of these being completed in Great Britain. The first to be demonstrated working was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby". However, the EDSAC, completed a year after SSEM, was perhaps the first practical implementation of the stored program design. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—EDVAC—was completed but didn't see full-time use for an additional two years.

Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. By this standard, many earlier devices would no longer be called computers by today's definition, but are usually referred to as such in their historical context. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture. The design made the universal computer a practical reality.

Microprocessors are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program CPUs.

Vacuum tube-based computers were in use throughout the 1950s, but were largely replaced in the 1960s by transistor-based devices, which were smaller, faster, cheaper, used less power and were more reliable. These factors allowed computers to be produced on an unprecedented commercial scale. By the 1970s, the adoption of integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors such as the Intel 4004 caused another leap in size, speed, cost and reliability. By the 1980s, computers had become sufficiently small and cheap to replace simple mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. Around the same time, computers became widely accessible for personal use by individuals in the form of home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. In conjunction with the widespread growth of the Internet since the 1990s, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone and almost all modern electronic devices contain a computer of some kind.

From : en.wikipedia.org